小升初英語(yǔ)也是小升初考試中非常重要的一科。我們應(yīng)該如何復(fù)習(xí)才能夠在小升初英語(yǔ)考試中取得好成績(jī)呢?小升初英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)必須靠著日積月累的知識(shí)，所以，從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始，我們就應(yīng)該為小升初英語(yǔ)考試儲(chǔ)備知識(shí)咯!
動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成，它在句中起名詞的作用，可以在句子中用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。
1、 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)
Walking is good exercise. 走路是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)
Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
Smoking may cause cancer. 吸煙可能導(dǎo)致癌癥。
Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火車(chē)到杭州要16個(gè)小時(shí)。
Swimming develops the muscles. 游泳可以發(fā)展肌肉。
通常為了避免句子主語(yǔ)過(guò)于冗長(zhǎng)，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。如：
It's nice talking with you.
和你談話(huà)很高興。
It's no use arguing with him.
跟他爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)用。
It is no use sending him over. It’s too late already. 派他去沒(méi)用，已經(jīng)太晚了。
It was very difficult getting everything ready in time. 要把一切按時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好很困難。
“There + be + no + -ing”結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。
There is no harm in doing so. 這樣做沒(méi)有害處。
There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity。
不容否認(rèn)新方法大大提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。
2、動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)
Her job is raising pigs. 她的工作是養(yǎng)豬。
This food smells inviting. 這種食物香味怡人。
The only thing that interests her is dancing. 她唯一感興趣的事就是跳舞。
My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。
To keep money you have found is stealing. 撿到錢(qián)不交等于偷竊。
3、 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
Your shoes need polishing. 你的皮鞋該擦了。
Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 吉姆不喜歡吃巧克力。
She can’t help crying at a sad movie. 她看了憂(yōu)傷的電影禁不住要哭。
The doctor advised taking exercise. 醫(yī)生讓多運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Would you mind filling out this form? 請(qǐng)?zhí)钜幌逻@張表好嗎?
The thief admitted entering the house. 小偷承認(rèn)進(jìn)了屋。
Have you finished correcting the students’ papers? 學(xué)生們的卷子改完沒(méi)有?
有些動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。這些動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)有：
admit, acknowledge, advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mention, mind, miss, pardon, practise, require, resent, resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand, think of, give up, aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, can't help, keep on, leave off, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, set about, be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to, react to等。
4、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
I found the parade quite interesting to watch。
這種用法通常用在下列幾類(lèi)動(dòng)詞中，后接賓語(yǔ)然后加上-ing分詞，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)成分。
表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如：see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等。如：
There we found him watching TV。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他在那兒看電視。
I heard someone knocking at the door。
我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人在敲門(mén)。
在有些動(dòng)詞(如：regard, describe, accept, think of, quote等)之后，可由as引出-ing分詞詞組作賓補(bǔ)。如：
They regarded the contract as being invalid。
他們認(rèn)為合同無(wú)效。
They described the child as being very clever。
他們描述這孩子非常聰明。
使役動(dòng)詞，如：set, keep, have, get, leave, catch等。如：
Can you get my watch going again?
你能使我的表再走起來(lái)嗎?
This sets me thinking。
這使我思考。
5、動(dòng)名詞作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作狀語(yǔ)表示在進(jìn)行一動(dòng)作的同時(shí)所進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，它對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞起修飾和陪襯的作用。動(dòng)名詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、方式或伴隨情況。
Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden. (時(shí)間)
打掃完房間，我們開(kāi)始在花園里除草。
Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. (時(shí)間)
進(jìn)屋以后，她看到人人都在工作。
Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因)
因?yàn)樯�，他不能去上學(xué)。
Having no interest in the topic, he didn't go to the lecture. (原因)
由于對(duì)這個(gè)話(huà)題沒(méi)有興趣，他沒(méi)去參加講座。
Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (條件)
只要刻苦學(xué)習(xí)，你會(huì)成功的。
Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships. (條件)
利用原子能，我們能夠建造太空船。
Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. (讓步)
(盡管)成績(jī)是巨大的，(但)仍有一些要求改進(jìn)的東西。
My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果)
我的車(chē)被交通擁擠堵住，所以延誤了。
Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式)
我們坐火車(chē)訪問(wèn)了好多城市。
Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴隨)
瑪麗坐在教室的窗戶(hù)旁，正在讀一本書(shū)。
6、動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)和形容詞的功能是相似的。動(dòng)名詞可以單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)，如：
a smiling face 笑臉
a leading figure 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物
動(dòng)名詞還能構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ)，如：
easy-going man 好說(shuō)話(huà)的人
swimming pool 游泳池
sleeping-pill 安眠藥片
dining-car 餐車(chē)
當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句。
She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai。
= She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai。
她乘坐了去上海的火車(chē)。
There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park。
= There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park。
在我們面前有兩條路，一條通向沙灘，另一條通向公園。
